Notes
Outline
String Expressions
For now, one string operator, concatenation, “+”
Consider
string bookTitle;
string phrase1;      string phrase2;
phrase1 = “Programming and ”;
phrase2 = “Problem Solving”;
bookTitle = phrase1 + phrase2;
bookTitle has “Programming and Problem Solving” stored
bookTitle = phrase2 + phrase1;
bookTitle now has “Problem SolvingProgramming and ” stored
Warning: At least one of the operands must be a string variable or named constant.
Output
We use cout and the insertion operator “<<“.
cout << “Hello”;
cout displays the string inserted characters on the standard output device, usually the video screen.
cout << “The title is ” << bookTitle + “ , 2nd Edition”;
OutputStatement
cout << Expression << Expression …;
Output Examples
Initializations ch = ‘2’ firstName = “Marie”
  lastName = “Curie”
Statement What Is Printed
( means blank)
cout << ch; 2
cout << “ch = ” << ch; ch=2
cout << firstName + “ ” + lastName; MarieCurie
cout << firstName << lastName; MarieCurie
cout << firstName << ‘ ’ << lastName; MarieCurie
cout << “ERROR MESSAGE”; ERRORMESSAGE
cout << “Error=” << ch; Error=2
Program Construction
Program    FunctionDefinition
One Function Program Example
//************************************************************
// PrintName program
// This program prints a name in two different formats
//************************************************************
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
const string FIRST = "Herman";    // Person's first name
const string LAST = "Smith";      // Person's last name
const char   MIDDLE = 'G';        // Person's middle initial
Program Example (continued)
int main()
{
    string firstLast;    // Name in first-last format
    string lastFirst;    // Name in last-first format
    firstLast = FIRST + " " + LAST;
    cout << "Name in first-last format is " << firstLast
         << endl;
    lastFirst = LAST + ", " + FIRST + ", ";
    cout << "Name in last-first-initial format is ";
    cout << lastFirst << MIDDLE << '.' << endl;
    return 0;
}
Program Example (continued)
int main()
{
    string firstLast;    // Name in first-last format
    string lastFirst;    // Name in last-first format
    firstLast = FIRST + " " + LAST;
    cout << "Name in first-last format is " << firstLast
         << endl;
    lastFirst = LAST + ", " + FIRST + ", ";
    cout << "Name in last-first-initial format is ";
    cout << lastFirst << MIDDLE << '.' << endl;
    return 0;
}
Program Example (continued)
int main()
{
    string firstLast;    // Name in first-last format
    string lastFirst;    // Name in last-first format
    firstLast = FIRST + " " + LAST;
    cout << "Name in first-last format is " << firstLast
         << endl;
    lastFirst = LAST + ", " + FIRST + ", ";
    cout << "Name in last-first-initial format is ";
    cout << lastFirst << MIDDLE << '.' << endl;
    return 0;
}
Program Example (continued)
int main()
{
    string firstLast;    // Name in first-last format
    string lastFirst;    // Name in last-first format
    firstLast = FIRST + " " + LAST;
    cout << "Name in first-last format is " << firstLast
         << endl;
    lastFirst = LAST + ", " + FIRST + ", ";
    cout << "Name in last-first-initial format is ";
    cout << lastFirst << MIDDLE << '.' << endl;
    return 0;
}
Program Example (continued)
int main()
{
    string firstLast;    // Name in first-last format
    string lastFirst;    // Name in last-first format
    firstLast = FIRST + " " + LAST;
    cout << "Name in first-last format is " << firstLast
         << endl;
    lastFirst = LAST + ", " + FIRST + ", ";
    cout << "Name in last-first-initial format is ";
    cout << lastFirst << MIDDLE << '.' << endl;
    return 0;
}
Program Example (continued)
int main()
{
    string firstLast;    // Name in first-last format
    string lastFirst;    // Name in last-first format
    firstLast = FIRST + " " + LAST;
    cout << "Name in first-last format is " << firstLast
         << endl;
    lastFirst = LAST + ", " + FIRST + ", ";
    cout << "Name in last-first-initial format is ";
    cout << lastFirst << MIDDLE << '.' << endl;
    return 0;
}
Program Example (continued)
int main()
{
    string firstLast;    // Name in first-last format
    string lastFirst;    // Name in last-first format
    firstLast = FIRST + " " + LAST;
    cout << "Name in first-last format is " << firstLast
         << endl;
    lastFirst = LAST + ", " + FIRST + ", ";
    cout << "Name in last-first-initial format is ";
    cout << lastFirst << MIDDLE << '.' << endl;
    return 0;
}
Program Example (continued)
int main()
{
    string firstLast;    // Name in first-last format
    string lastFirst;    // Name in last-first format
    firstLast = FIRST + " " + LAST;
    cout << "Name in first-last format is " << firstLast
         << endl;
    lastFirst = LAST + ", " + FIRST + ", ";
    cout << "Name in last-first-initial format is ";
    cout << lastFirst << MIDDLE << '.' << endl;
    return 0;
}
More Syntax
Block Statement
Function
More About Output
Statements
cout << “Hi there, ”;
cout << “Lois Lane. ” << endl;
cout << “Have you seen ”;
cout << “Clark Kent?” << endl;
Output
Hi there, Lois Lane.
Have you seen Clark Kent?
  
Still More About Output
Statements
cout << “Hi there, ” << endl;
cout << “Lois Lane. ” << endl;
cout << “Have you seen ” << endl;
cout << “Clark Kent?” << endl;
Output
Hi there,
Lois Lane.
Have you seen
Clark Kent?
  
Another Output Example
Statements
cout << “Hi there, ” << endl;
cout << “Lois Lane. ”;
cout << “Have you seen ” << endl;
cout << “Clark Kent?” << endl;
Output
Hi there,
Lois Lane. Have you seen
Clark Kent?
  
Last Output Example For Now
Statements
cout << “Hi there, ”;
cout << “Lois Lane. ”;
cout << “Have you seen ”;
cout << “Clark Kent?” << endl;
Output
Hi there, Lois Lane. Have you seen Clark Kent?
  
Problem-Solving Case Study
Problem: You must write a program to write personalized contest entry letters. As a first effort, you need it to work for one name. Later, it will read names from a mailing list file.
Output: A form letter with a name inserted at the appropriate point so that it appears to be a personal letter.
Discussion: You need to insert a name in the marketing department’s text. The parts of a person’s name need to be stored separately, different parts are used in different places. You need to use the string concatenation operator.
Algorithm
Form Letter Program
//************************************************************
// FormLetter program
// This program prints a form letter for a promotional contest.
// It uses the four parts of a name to build name strings in
// four different formats to be used in personalizing the letter
//**************************************************************
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
const string TITLE = "Dr.";             // Salutary title
const string FIRST_NAME = "Margaret";   // First name of addressee
const string MIDDLE_INITIAL = "H";      // Middle initial
const string LAST_NAME = "Sklaznick";   // Last name of addressee
Form Letter (continued)
int main()
{
    string first;        // Holds the first name plus a blank
    string fullName;     // Complete name, including title
    string firstLast;    // First name and last name
    string titleLast;    // Title followed by the last name
    // Create first name with blank
    first = FIRST_NAME + " ";
    // Create full name
    fullName = TITLE + " " + first + MIDDLE_INITIAL;
    fullName = fullName + ". " + LAST_NAME;
    // Create first and last name
    firstLast = first + LAST_NAME;
Form Letter (continued)
// Create title and last name
    titleLast = TITLE + " " + LAST_NAME;
    // Print the form letter
    cout << fullName << " is a GRAND PRIZE WINNER!!!!" << endl<< endl;
    cout << "Dear " << titleLast << "," << endl << endl;
    cout << "Yes it's true! " << firstLast << " has won our" << endl;
    cout << "GRAND PRIZE -- your choice of a 42-INCH* COLOR" << endl;
    cout << "TV or a FREE WEEKEND IN NEW YORK CITY.**" << endl;
    cout << "All that you have to do to collect your prize is”<< endl;
    cout << "attend one fun-filled all-day presentations” << endl;
    cout << "on the joys of owning a timeshare condominium" << endl;
    cout << "trailer at the Happy Acres Mobile Campground in“ << endl;
    cout << "beautiful Panhard, Texas!" << first << "I know” << endl;
    cout << "that the 3-hour drive from the nearest airport” << endl;
    cout << "to Panhard may seem daunting at first, but isn't" <<endl;
Yet More Form Letter
cout << "it worth some extra effort to receive such a" << endl;
cout << "FABULOUS PRIZE? So why wait? Call us right" << endl;
cout << "now to schedule your visit and collect your" << endl;
    cout << "GRAND PRIZE!" << endl << endl;
    cout << "Most Sincerely," << endl << endl;
    cout << "Argyle M. Sneeze" << endl << endl << endl << endl;
    cout << "* Around the circumference of the packing” << endl;
    cout << "crate. ** Includes air fare and hotel." << endl;
    cout << "Departure from Nome, AK; surcharge from” << endl;
    cout << "other airports. Accommodations within” << endl;
    cout << "driving distance of New York at the CheapTel” << endl;
    cout << "in Plattsburgh, NY." << endl;
    return 0;
}